Masisitimu eUltrasound - Kuona Zvisingaonekwe neMafungu Eruzha

Tekinoroji yemazuva ano ye ultrasound yakachinja mifananidzo yezvekurapa kubva pamifananidzo ye anatomiki isingachinji kuenda pakuongorora mashandiro emuviri, zvese pasina ionizing radiation. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora fizikisi, mashandisirwo ekiriniki, uye hunyanzvi hwepamusoro mukuongorora ultrasound.

Nheyo dzeMuviri
Ultrasound yezvekurapa inoshanda pamafrequencies e2-18MHz. Piezoelectric effect inoshandura simba remagetsi kuita mechanical vibrations mu transducer. Time-gain compensation (TGC) inogadzirisa kuti pave nekudzika-kunoenderana ne depth attenuation (0.5-1 dB/cm/MHz). Axial resolution inoenderana ne wavelength (λ = c/f), ukuwo lateral resolution inoenderana ne beam width.

Nguva Yekushanduka-shanduka

• 1942: Kushandiswa kwekutanga kwekurapa kwaKarl Dussik (kufungidzira uropi)
• 1958: Ian Donald anogadzira ultrasound ye obstetric
• 1976: Magadzirirwo eAnalog scan anogonesa mifananidzo yegray-scale
• 1983: Color Doppler yakatangwa naNamekawa naKasai
• 2012: FDA yakabvumidza michina yekutanga yakakura muhomwe

Maitiro Ekurapa

1. B-mode
   Mifananidzo yegrayscale ine resolution yenzvimbo yakadzika kusvika 0.1mm
2. Maitiro eDoppler

• Doppler yemavara: Mepu yekukurumidza (muganho weNyquist 0.5-2m/s)
• Power Doppler: 3-5x inonyanya kugadzikana kana mvura ichiyerera zvishoma nezvishoma
• Spectral Doppler: Inotarisa kuomarara kwe stenosis (PSV ratios >2 inoratidza >50% carotid stenosis)

3. Matekiniki Epamusoro

• Elastography (Kuoma kwechiropa >7.1kPa kunoratidza F2 fibrosis)
• Ultrasound yakagadziridzwa ne contrast (SonoVue microbubbles)
• Kufungidzira kwe3D/4D (Voluson E10 inowana resolution ye 0.3mm voxel)

Mapurogiramu Ari Kubuda

• Ultrasound Yakatarisana (FUS)
  • Kubviswa kwemafuta mumuviri (85% kurarama kwemakore matatu mukudengenyeka kukuru)
  • Kuvhura kweropa neuropi pakurapwa kweAlzheimer's
• Ultrasound yePoint-of-Care (POCUS)
  • Ongororo yeFAST (98% kunzwisiswa kwe hemoperitoneum)
  • Kuongororwa kwemapapu neultrasound B-lines (93% kunyatsojeka kwekuzvimba kwemapapu)

Miganhu Yekuvandudza Zvinhu

1. Tekinoroji yeCMUT
   Matransducer e ultrasonic ane capacitive micromachined anogonesa bandwidth yakafara zvakanyanya (3-18MHz) ne 40% fractional bandwidth.
2. Kubatanidzwa kweAI

• Samsung S-Shearwave inopa zviyero zve elastography zvinotungamirirwa neAI
• Kuverenga kweEF otomatiki kunoratidza hukama hwe0.92 neMRI yemwoyo

3. Chimurenga Chinobatwa Nemaoko
   Butterfly iQ+ inoshandisa zvinhu zveMEMS zvinosvika 9000 mukugadzirwa kwemachipisi maviri chete, zvichirema 205g chete.
4. Maitiro Ekurapa
   Histotripsy inobvisa bundu nekushandisa acoustic cavitation (kuyedzwa kwekiriniki kwekenza yechiropa).

Matambudziko eUnyanzvi

• Kugadziriswa kwePhase aberration muvarwere vakafuta
• Kudzika kwekupinda kwakaganhurirwa (15cm pa3MHz)
• Maitiro ekuderedza ruzha rweSpeckle
• Zvipingamupinyi zvemitemo yehurongwa hwekuongorora hunhu hweAI

Musika wepasi rose we ultrasound ($8.5B muna 2023) uri kuchinjwazve nemasisitimu anotakurika, ayo ikozvino anomiririra 35% yekutengesa. Nematekinoroji ari kubuda akadai se super-resolution imaging (kuona 50μm vessels) uye matekiniki e neural rendering, ultrasound iri kuramba ichitsanangura patsva miganhu yekuongorora kusingakuvadzi.